The Vaccine types.         

1. Live attenuated vaccine – in this, the living microbes have been weakened in the lab so it can cause disease, because looks like a natural infection to the body, these vaccines are “teachers” of the immune system.

Ex. Vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox.

2. Inactivated vaccine – inactivated vaccines produced by killing the disease-causing microbes with chemical heat or radiation. But these killed microbe act as foreign particle against which body produce antibodies. Because dead microbes can’t mutate back to their disease-causing state these vaccines are safer than the live attenuated vaccines.

Ex. Vaccines against Influenza, polio, hepatitis-A…

3. Subunit vaccine – instead of the entire microbe subunit vaccine include only the specific parts like protein that act as antigens used to stimulate the immune system.

Ex. Plague immunization

4. Toxoid vaccine –  these vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. for bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chemicals or toxoid vaccine is useful. scientists have found that they can inactivate toxins by treating them with “formalin” search detoxified toxins called talk sorry are safe for use in a vaccine.

5. Conjugate vaccine – is a type of vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.

Ex. Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine.

6. D.N.A vaccine – DNA vaccine is a genetically engineered plasmid, containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen against which an immune response is produced.

Ex. Influenza vaccine

7. Recombinant vaccine – a recombinant vaccine is a vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting the DNA encoding and antigen such as bacterial surface protein that stimulate an immune response.

Ex. DPT

8. R.N.A vaccine – a R.N.A or m-RNA (messanger RNA) is a new type of vaccine for providing acquired immunity through an RNA containing vector. the RNA sequence quotes for antigen, proteins that are identical or resembling those of the pathogen. Upon the delivery of the vaccine into the body the sequences is translated by host cell to produced the encoded antigen which then stimulate the body adaptive immunity immunity system to produce antibodies against the antigen.

are any vaccine offer multiple advantages over DNA vaccine in terms of production administration and safety.  A Number of RNA vaccines are under development to combat the covid-19 pandemic.

Scientists from all over the world are engaged in making Corona virus vaccine, some of them are –

* Moderma Inc (USA) working on RNA vaccine named as mRNA-1273

* Bharat Biotech (India) working on inactivated virus vaccine named as COVAXIN

* Oxford university (UK) working on non- replicating virus vaccine named as AZD1222

* Zydus candila (India) working on DNA, Recombinant measels virus vaccine named as ZyCoV-D

* Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Russia) working on isolated strain nqmed as Sputnik – V.